It has frequently been emphasized that children are not simply “small adults”. They are different anatomically and physiologically in many ways. Knee injuries in children and adolescents frequently demonstrate these differences.
The primary difference between the adult knee and the child’s knee is the growth center or physis. These are regions in the end of the femur and tibia on both sides of the knee that provide most of the growth of the leg. They are usually the weakest part of the knee. The same injury pattern that would tear a ligament or cartilage in the mature knee is much more likely to fracture the bones through the growth center in the child.
“Adult” type of the knee injuries can, however, occur in the child. Anterior cruciate ligament tears, once thought to be extremely rare in children, are receiving more attention in recent years. It is unknown whether or not the rise in the number of reported tears recently are related to increased awareness by physicians, better diagnostic techniques, such as MRI and arthroscopy, or that possibly more kids are involved in competitive sports. ACL tears have been reported in children as young as two years of age. The true incidence of ACL tears in the pediatric population is unknown, but some studies report a tear in as many as 50% of children with blood in their knees and swelling after an injury.
TREATMENT OF ACL INJURIES:
The treatment of ACL tearsin the young, athletic, skeletally mature (adult) knee is usually reconstruction. A tendon is usually taken from another part of the body and used to rebuild the torn ligament. Non-operative treatment with braces and exercise usually fails. These patients frequently have “giving way” episodes with tearing of other structures, usually meniscal cartilage. This may lead to premature arthritis later in life.
This reconstructive procedure usually involves placing the tendon graft through drill holes in the femur and tibia. Unfortunately for younger patients, the growth centers in the knee are directly in the path of these drill holes. It has been shown that standard reconstruction in the growing child or adolescent may cause a growth abnormality leading to leg length inequality, or to angulatory deformity at the knee. The younger the child, the greater the chance of deformity, and the more severe the deformity is likely to be.
If the adolescent is within a year or two of skeletal maturity, most physicians feel the risks are small, and a standard ACL reconstruction is usually performed. However, for younger patients, alternative techniques have been developed recently to try to lessen the possibilities of growth arrest. These techniques involve placing the graft in a non-anatomic position, or one that does not quite duplicate normal ligament function. This is done by either drilling holes that go around rather than through the growth centers, or by avoiding holes altogether, and wrapping the graft around the bone. These procedures were originally designed to be a temporary measure to control symptoms and instability until maturity, when a traditional reconstruction could be done. The results of these procedures have been good, however, with over 95% of children returning to sports and not needing a later procedure.
Consult your primary care physician for more serious injuries that do not respond to basic first aid. As an added resource, the staff at Nationwide Children’s Sports Medicine is available to diagnose and treat sports-related injuries for youth or adolescent athletes. To make an appointment, call 614-355-6000. For more information, visit us at http://www.nationwidechildrens.org/sports-medicine, Follow us on Twitter, and Like us on Facebook.
